Geotextiles are permeable polyester or polypropylene fabrics. They are the oldest and largest geosynthetics by volume, and they are employed in construction for erosion control, separation, drainage, soil stability, filtration, and reinforcing.
Woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, and non-woven fabrics are the three primary forms of geotextiles that support various applications. The majority of them are used in road construction. Geotextiles are employed in a variety of infrastructure projects, including landfills, pipelines, drainage structures, railways, and other civil projects.
In mountainous areas, nonwoven geotextiles are commonly employed in tunnel construction. Reduced maintenance costs and a longer life cycle for the infrastructure asset are two advantages of using geotextiles.

Geogrids are polymeric materials that are extruded, woven, or welded into open aperture products with varied strength, strain, and load-carrying capacity for soil reinforcing applications.

 Geogrids are made up of polymeric materials such as polyester, high-density polyethylene, and polypropylene. Geogrids are frequently used to support sub-bases or subsoils beneath roadways, retaining walls, and other buildings. Previously, geogrids were solely used to build retaining walls. Because of their ability to redistribute stress across a larger area, high holding capacity, high tensile strength, and eco-friendly nature, geogrids are now employed in a variety of other constructions such as dams and pavements.

They’re also used to stabilize the subgrade for embankment building in the railway and highway industries, as well as in the stabilization of soils with high water tables or low bearing strength, where establishing foundations to sustain huge loads is vital.

Geonets, also known as Geospacers, have a similar structure to Geogrids. They’re made up of a net-like structure made up of a continuous parallel set of polymeric ribs at acute angles to one another. They’re made by fusing threads/bands or pressing thermoplastic polymers. Their primary purpose is in the drainage system, where they transport various types of fluids.

Foundation walls, landfills, methane highways, asphalt concrete pavements, and drainage and erosion management all use geonets. The drainage core allows fluids to flow freely in all directions, while the geotextiles act as a filter media, preventing the drainage core from being clogged. A geonet’s hardness features allow it to withstand a significant amount of load.

Geomembranes are low-permeability polyethylene sheets with a thickness of 0.5-3mm that are commonly used as linings and covers for solid and liquid storage facilities. Geomembranes are very impermeable and control fluid movement. The material used to make the membranes determines their age and effectiveness. They can assist reduce contaminant diffusion due to their impermeability, which is very significant in waste management. Aside from pond/land/tunnel/canal lining, geomembranes are used in environmental, transportation, and oil and gas applications. Geomembranes, on the other hand, are more expensive than other geosynthetic products.

Two layers of non-woven geotextiles are sandwiched between two layers of sodium bentonite powder in geosynthetic clay liners. The two layers of geotextiles are sewn together (needle-punched non-woven) to produce a precisely balanced mat with internal shear resistance.

When the sodium bentonite in the mat comes into touch with water, it puffs up and forms a waterproof mineral layer. Hydraulic barriers for water, leachate, other liquids, and even gases are created with geosynthetic clay liners. They’re also utilized as a replacement for geomembranes or compacted clay liners, or as part of a composite to improve the performance of more traditional liner materials.

Geosynthetic clay liners are commonly used in stormwater impoundments and wetlands, canals, roadway and civil construction, secondary containment, landfill liners, and landfill capping, and mines, among other applications.

Geocells, also known as cellular confinement systems, are made of ultrasonically welded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) strips that may be expanded on-site to form a honeycomb pattern. The composite develops a rigid to semi-rigid structure after the cells are filled with compact non-cohesive soils that are limited within the cellular walls.

Geocells are known for their aging resistance, long durability, chemical resistance, and inherent flexibility. They’re utilized for channel protection, soil stabilization on level terrain and steep slopes, erosion management, and structural reinforcement for load support and earth retention in the construction industry.

In the enlargement of roadways, geocells provide a viable alternative for strengthening and resolving the water buildup and soil erosion problems.

Geopipes are perforated or solid-walled polymeric pipes that are used for gas and liquid drainage. In other circumstances, a geotextile filter is wrapped around the pipe. They are mostly used to collect leachate and in cases of significant compressive loads. For landfill applications, geopipes are utilized to ease the collection and fast drainage of leachate to a sump and removal system.

Geocomposites are geosynthetics created by combining two or more geosynthetics, such as geonet-geotextile, geogrid-geotextile, and geomembrane-geonet. By strengthening functionalities and increasing interface friction angles and installation time, these diverse combinations outperform single layers of geosynthetics.

Separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, and containment are the most common applications. The geocomposites market is classified into three sections based on their functions: containment, drainage, and others. The drainage section, which includes road and civil construction, pavement base course or edge drains, trench drains, railway and road tunnels, rooftops, retaining walls and bridge abutments, and other uses, is the most common.